The Oneota Culture - Last Prehistoric Culture of the American Midwest

The Oneota Culture - Last Prehistoric Culture of the American Midwest The Oneota (or western Upper Mississippian) is the name archaeologists have given to the last prehistoric culture (1150-1700 AD) of the American upper midwest. The Oneota lived in villages and camps along tributary streams and rivers of the upper reaches of the Mississippi River. The archaeological remains of Oneota villages are located in the modern states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri. What Did They Know of Cahokias Complex Capital? The origin of the Oneota people is somewhat of a controversy. Some scholars argue that the Oneota were descendants of the pre-Mississippian Woodland groups who were immigrants from other as-yet unknown locations, perhaps the Cahokia area. Another group of scholars argue the Oneota were local Late Woodland groups who changed their society as a result of contact with Middle Mississippian technologies and ideologies. Although there are clear connections in Oneota symbolism to the Mississippian complex of Cahokia, the Oneota sociopolitical organization was widely divergent from that of the complex society at the capital in the American Bottom near St. Louis, Missouri. Oneota groups were mainly independent chiefly societies located on major rivers upstream and far away from Cahokia. Oneota Characteristics Over the nearly six hundred years of their (recognized) occupation of the Upper Mississippi region, Oneota people changed their style of living and subsistence patterns and as the Europeans moved into the region, they migrated far to the west. But their cultural identity maintained a continuity, based on the presence of a number of artifact types and icononography. The most commonly recognized artifact of Oneota culture is shell-tempered, globular-shaped ceramic vessels with purposefully smoothed, but not burnished, exteriors. Distinctive point types used by Oneota hunters are small unnotched triangular arrow points called either Fresno or Madison points. Other stone tools connected with Oneota populations include pipestone carved into tablets, pipes and pendants; stone scrapers for buffalo hides, and fishhooks. Bone and shell hoes are indicative of Oneota agriculture, as are the ridged fields found in the early and eastern villages of Wisconsin. Architecture included oval wigwams, multi-family longhouses and cemeteries organized in sprawling villages on terraces near main rivers. Some evidence of warfare and violence are seen in the archaeological record; and the evidence of movement west with a maintained connectedness to people back home in the east are indicated by trade goods, including pipestone and hides, and metasedimentary abrasive rocks called paralava (formerly mis-identified as volcanic pumice or scoria). Chronology cal AD 1700-present day. Historic and modern tribes thought to be descended from Oneota include Ioway, Oto, Ho-Chunk, Missouria, Ponca and othersProtohistoric Oneota (Classic) (cal AD 1600-1700). After direct and indirect contact with French trappers and traders, La Crosse was abandoned, and the people moved westward along the Iowa/Minnesota borders and west following bison herdsMiddle Oneota (Developmental) (cal AD 1300-1600), Apple River and Red Wing abandoned, expanded outward. Oneota settlements opened at La Crosse, Minnesota, and the central Des Moines River valley (Moingona Phase)Early Oneota (Emergent) cal AD 1150-1300. Apple River (northwest Illinois) and Red Wing (Minnesota) localities are started, decorative motifs derived from Mississippian Ramey Incised pots Initial or Emergent Phase Oneota The earliest villages recognized as Oneota arose about AD 1150, as diverse and scattered communities along the floodplains, terraces and bluffs of the rivers, communities that were occupied at least seasonally and perhaps year-round. They were horticulturalists rather than farmers, relying on digging-stick agriculture based on maize and squash, and supplemented by deer, elk, birds and large fish. Foods gathered by early Oneota people include several plants that would be eventually domesticated as part of the Eastern North American Neolithic, such as maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana), chenopodium (Chenopodium berlandieri), little barley (Hordeum pussilum) and erect knotweed (Polygonum erectum). They also collected various nutshickory, walnut, acornsand conducted localized hunting of elk and deer and communal longer-distance hunting of bison. There likely was a lot of variation in these early villages, especially with respect to how important maize was in their diets. Some of the largest villages have accretional burial mounds. At least some of the villages had a tribal level of social and political organization. Development and Classic Period Oneota Middle Oneota communities apparently intensified their farming efforts, moving into broader valleys and including the preparation of ridged fields, and the use of shell and bison scapula hoes. Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were added to the diet about 1300 AD: now Oneota people had the entire three sisters agricultural complex. Their communities shifted as well, to include larger houses, with multiple families sharing the same long house. Long houses at the Tremaine site in Wisconsin, for example, were 6-8.5 meters (20-27 feet) wide and varied in length between 26-65 m (85-213 ft). Mound building ceased entirely and mortuary patterns shifted to the use of cemeteries or burials beneath the floors of the longhouses. By the late period, many Oneota people migrated westward. These dispersed Oneota communities displaced the locals in Nebraska, Kansas and adjacent areas of Iowa and Missouri, and thrived on communal bison hunting supplemented with gardening. Bison hunting, assisted by dogs, allowed Oneota to obtain adequate meat, marrow and fat for food, and hides and bones for tools and exchange. Oneota Archaeological Sites Illinois: Gentlemen Farm, Material Service Quarry, Reeves, Zimmerman, Keeshin Farm, Dixon, Lima Lake, Hoxie Farm Nebraska: Leary site, Glen Elder Iowa: Wever, Flynn, Correctionville, Cherokee, Iowa Great Lakes, Bastian, Milford, Gillett Grove, Blood Run Kansas: Lovewell Reservoir, White Rock, Montana Creek Wisconsin: OT, Tremaine, La Crosse, Pammel Creek, Trempealeau Bay, Carcajou Point, Pipe, Mero Minnesota: Red Wing, Blue Earth Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Mississippian Culture, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Several good locations on the web for Oneota information include Lance Fosters Ioway Cultural Institute, the Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist, and the Mississippi Valley Archaeological Center. Betts CM. 2006. Pots and Pox: The Identification of Protohistoric Epidemics in the Upper Mississippi Valley. American Antiquity 71(2):233-259. Boszhardt RF. 2008. Shell-tempered pottery from the upper Mississippi river valley. Southeastern Archaeology 27(2):193-201. Emerson TE, Hedman KM, and Simon ML. 2005. Marginal Horticulturalists or Maize Agriculturalists? Archaeobotanical, Paleopathological, and Isotopic Evidence Relating to Langford Tradition Maize Consumption. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(1):67-118. Estes MB, Ritterbush LW, and Nicolaysen K. 2010. Clinker, Pumice, Scoria, or Paralava? Vesicular Artifacts of the Lower Missouri Basin. Plains Anthropologist 55(213):67-81. Fishel RL, Wisseman SU, Hughes RE, and Emerson TE. 2010. Sourcing Red Pipestone Artifacts from Oneota Villages in the Little Sioux Valley of Northwest Iowa. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 35(2):167-198. Logan B. 2010. A Matter of Time: The Temporal Relationship of Oneota and Central Plains Traditions. Plains Anthropologist 55(216):277-292. OGorman JA. 2010. Exploring the Longhouse and Community in Tribal Society. American Antiquity 75(3):571-597. Padilla MJ, and Ritterbush LW. 2005. White Rock Oneota Chipped Stone Tools. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(2):259-297. Ritterbush LW, and Logan B. 2009. A Late Prehistoric Bison Processing Camp in the Central Plains: Montana Creek East (14JW46). Plains Anthropologist 54(211):217-236. Theler JL, and Boszhardt RF. 2006. Collapse of crucial resources and culture change: a model for the Woodland to Oneota transformation in the Upper Midwest. American Antiquity 71:433-472. Tubbs RM, and OGorman JA. 2005. Assessing Oneota Diet And Health: A Community And Lifeway Perspective. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30(1):119-163.

Duke TIP SAT Score Requirements

Duke TIP SAT Score Requirements SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Perhaps you’ve read our article about Duke’s Talent Identification Program (TIP), maybe you’ve heard about it from other students, or maybe you did your own research. You've heard vague hints of "score requirements," but don't know exactly what that means- do you have to take the SAT in order to take part in TIP? How well do you have to do on the SAT in order to become a TIPster? (I refuse to believe that students who participate in TIP do not go by this name.) There are SAT (or ACT) score requirements for the Duke TIP: specifically, there are score requirements for Summer Studies programs and eStudies courses. I'm going to cover this complicated topic in exhaustive detail, explaining what the programs are, what the SAT score requirements are, and giving you some tips on how to meet these requirements. feature image credit: Duke Campus by Danny Fowler, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Resized from original. The Lay of the Land: Types of TIP Programs and Eligibility Of all the programs with SAT/ACT score requirements, the eStudies program has the lowest score requirements, followed by the Academy for Summer Studies, which falls in the middle, and the Center for Summer Studies, which is the most stringent when it comes to score requirements. These are not the same as the test requirements for the 7th Grade Talent Search, which you can find more about here. How do you figure out if you are eligible for Summer Studies programs or eStudies courses? TIP determines your eligibility based on your SAT or ACT scores. If you participate(d) in the 7th Grade Talent Search, you will take (or took) the SAT or ACT as part of that program (read more about this in my upcoming guide). It is the score from this testing that will qualify you for Summer Studies and/or eStudies courses. Don't worry- you can always retest if your scores aren’t high enough to get you into the program(s) you want. If you’ve already taken the SAT or ACT as a 7th grader, you can still enroll in the 7th Grade Talent Search- you just have to do it using the paper application and include an official SAT/ACT score report. If you didn’t participate in the 7th Grade Talent Search, you can still participate in Summer Studies and eStudies courses using 8th-10th Grade Option, but I'll cover that in another article. For now, I’ll ONLY be talking about the SAT score requirements for 7th and 8th -10th graders who did participate (or will be participating) in the 7th Grade Talent Search and are interested in attending Duke TIP Summer Studies and/or eStudies courses. A Word of Warning Currently, Duke TIP does not require participants to take the essay portion of the SAT (that is, the essay). It’s always possible that Duke TIP may update its SAT score requirements to include the essay, but we’ll be sure to update this article to reflect current knowledge. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Raise Your SAT Score by 160 Points(Free Download) Duke TIP Scores: The Particulars So Duke has their SAT requirements for Summer Studies courses in a table here and for eStudies courses over here. To be honest, I found the tables kind of confusing, especially when it came to figuring out Center for Summer Studies eligibility. To make it easier for any one in the future trying to figure out the score requirements, I’ve separated out the requirements for what you need to get into the Academy for Summer Studies, the Center for Summer Studies, and eStudies courses and ordered them from lowest to highest score requirements. Hopefully, since all the scores will be in one blog post, rather than spread out over a website, it will be less tricky to read and understand. As you will see below, there’s a difference in the requirements you have to meet if you take the SAT during 7th grade, as part of the 7th Grade Talent Search, or if you take it again later on (between 8th and 10th grades). SAT Requirements: eStudies What are Duke TIP eStudies courses? According to the Duke TIP website, the eStudies program offers online courses in a variety of different subjects, open to â€Å"seventh through eleventh graders who have achieved certain qualifying scores on theACT or SAT.† Out of all the Duke TIP courses, the eStudies courses have the lowest score requirements. Which courses you can take depends on your score in specific SAT sections- qualifying Math scores mean you can take eStudies courses in all subjects except Humanities, while qualifying Evidence-Based Reading and Writing scores mean you can take eStudies courses in all subjects except Mathematics. So what e-Studies courses are you eligible for? Use this handy table to find out! If you took the SAT in†¦ And scored†¦ You are eligible for... 7th grade ≠¥ 480 on Math eStudies Math* ≠¥ 480 on EBRW eStudies Verbal** 8th grade ≠¥ 520 in Math eStudies Math ≠¥ 520 on EBRW eStudies Verbal 9th grade ≠¥ 560 on Math eStudies Math ≠¥ 560 on EBRW eStudies Verbal 10th grade ≠¥ 600 on Math eStudies Math ≠¥ 600 on EBRW eStudies Verbal *eStudies Math subjects include Fine Arts, Mathematics, Sciences, Social Sciences, and Technology. You do not qualify for Humanities courses unless your SAT Math score also reaches the threshold.**eStudies Verbal subjects include Fine Arts, Humanities, Sciences, Social Sciences, and Technology. You do not qualify for Mathematics courses unless your SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score also reaches the threshold. What If I Just Barely Don’t Make It? On their site, Duke TIP states that students who narrowly missed qualifying, are too old, orwho missed the enrollment period for Duke TIP's 7th Grade Talent Search can still join Duke TIP through 8th-10th Grade Option. Unfortunately, they don't define "narrowly," so it's hard to say when you should consider 8th-10th Grade Option. What is clear is that you can alwaysretest on your own if you don’t meet the score qualifications for eStudies courses, or if you need a higher score to attend the Academy or Center for Summer Studies. We have more information about the application process in our article about the Duke TIP 7th Grade Talent Search. SAT Score Requirement: Academy for Summer Studies The Academy for Summer Studies at Duke TIP offers eligible students in grades 7-10 summer classes with "interactive, inquiry-based learning that challenges them to think critically about themselves and their world." How do you know if your SAT scores qualify you for the Academy for Summer Studies? Use the tables below to find out what scores you need to qualify for the Academy Math or Academy Verbal courses. You are eligible for the Duke TIP Academy for Summer Studies Math classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the Math section scored between... 7th grade 510-540 8th grade 550-580 9th grade 590-620 10th grade 630-660 You are eligible for the Duke TIP Academy for Summer Studies Verbal classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the EBRW section scored between... 7th grade 510-550 8th grade 560-590 9th grade 600-630 10th grade 640-670 Note: while you can take Academy classes in all subject areas if you have an eligible SAT Math score, if you only have an eligible SAT Verbal score, then you may only take classes in Fine Arts, Humanities, Sciences, or Social Sciences- you are not eligible to take Mathematics or Technology courses. SCORE logo by Score, in the Public Domain. SAT Score Requirement: Center for Summer Studies The Center for Summer Studies is another summer program offered by Duke TIP; the difference between the Center and the Academy is in the intensity of the courses and the stringency and specificity of the score requirements. Again, we’ve compiled the information from the TIP website into a simpler, easier-to-understand form, dividing up information for 7th-10th graders into two separate tables (one for Center Math courses and one for Center Verbal courses). You are eligible for the Duke TIP Center for Summer Studies Math classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the Math section scored... 7th grade ≠¥550 8th grade ≠¥590 9th grade ≠¥630 10th grade ≠¥670 You are eligible for the Duke TIP Center for Summer Studies Verbal classes if you... Took the SAT in... And on the EBRW section scored... 7th grade ≠¥560 8th grade ≠¥600 9th grade ≠¥640 10th grade ≠¥680 Extra Advice: Want to get into the best college you can? Read our famous guide on how to get into Harvard, the Ivy League, and your top choice college. In this guide, you'll learn: What colleges are looking for in your application How to impress your top choice colleges Why you're probably wasting your time on activities that don't matter Even if you're not actually interested in Ivy League schools, you'll still learn something fundamental about how to apply to college. Read our top college admissions guide today. Duke TIP Score Requirements: A Few Final Notes For Summer Studies courses, you may only apply to the level for which you are qualified. This not only means that you can't apply to the Center for Summer Studies if your score only qualifies you for Academy courses (which makes sense), but that you can't apply to the Academy for Summer Studies if your score is higher than their score requirements- instead, you may only apply to the Center for Summer Studies. On their Test Prep page, Duke TIP has the following to say about their score requirements: â€Å"We do not recommend that students spend a lot of time preparing for the test. Above-grade-level testing is meant to be diagnostic, and many test prep programs just make students anxious.We think the best way to prepare is to be familiar with the structure of the test and the timing of each section, and to review the practice questions we provide so that you know what to expect and are at east on test day.† [Source: Test Prep | Duke TIP. Accessed 2019-07-19.] And look, when you’re taking the SAT as a 7th or 8th grader, you don't need to worry about getting an SAT score that will get you into college. In fact, we have a series of articles about what a good SAT score for a 7th grader and an 8th grader might be, based on extrapolations from data from Duke TIP and John Hopkins CTY. We also have information about what a good score for a 9th and 10th grader might be, but if you're taking the SAT in high school, you'll also want to start thinking about if you're applying to any colleges that require all SAT scores sent (since the College Board saves all SAT scores from 9th grade onwards) and if so, what target score you want to be aiming for. How Do I Meet The Requirements? 4...TIPS (you knew that was coming) #1: Spend time prepping. Yes, I know I just quoted the Duke TIP site, which advises the opposite, but let's be realistic: you'll need at least some test prep. This in no way means that you should invest in any kind of SAT prep course- just that, at the bare minimum, you'll want to familiarize yourself with the SAT's structure and timing. You should take a practice test to gauge where you are, then use this information to determine the amount you have to improve to meet the qualifications for your desired program. Know how much time you have to study so you can plan your prep accordingly. If you only have a few weeks before the SAT, you'll want to study more hours per week than if you have several months left. For more advice, read our articles about taking the SAT in 7th and 8th grade. #2: Take the SAT as early as you can and still feel prepared. If you take the SAT earlier on, you have a lower score threshold to meet (compare the 7th grade vs 8th -10th grade requirements for eStudies, Academy, and Center courses). In general, older students know more than younger students (stop rolling your eyes, younger siblings), but if you've spent time prepping, it's worth it to take it sooner rather than later.#3: If you have a standout test section, focus on it. Duke TIP is unlike most colleges and universities in that you can get in to its various programs even if you only do well on one section of the SAT. If you find that you're getting in the 300s on the SAT Math section, but in the 400s on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, own it. In the above example, unless you have a particular Math course you really want to take, you're better off putting in the time to make sure you can consistently get above the score threshold for EBRW than you are trying to bring up all of your scores. #4: Know the SAT strategies that are appropriate for your level. Advice for getting an 800 on a section will not necessarily be relevant if you only need to get above a 560. One example of this is that if you’re aiming for a 600, you can skip the hardest 20% of questions entirely and just focus on answering as many of the easier questions correctly as possible. We have more targeted strategies like this in our article on aiming for a 600 on the SAT. Handshake by Quinn Dombrowski, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. Hello, SAT Score Requirements, nice to finally meet you. I hope this article helped clarify the mystery of what the SAT score requirements for Duke TIP are. Be sure to take a spin through the ACT edition of this article if you're thinking about taking the ACT instead. What’s Next? Curious about what the Duke TIP 7th Grade Talent Search is? I demystify the mystery in this complete guide. Find more strategies about how to get a 600 on the SAT Math, Reading, and Writing tests. How far in advance should you start prepping for the SAT? Plan out your study schedule here. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: